CRWD
Published on 06/03/2025 at 16:35
Q1 FY 2026
As of June 3, 2025
® CrowdStrike, Inc. All rights reserved.
Financial Information
Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
In addition to our results determined in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"), we believe non-GAAP measures used in this presentation, such as non-GAAP Gross Margins, non-GAAP Operating Expenses, and Free Cash Flow, are useful in evaluating our operating performance. We use such non-GAAP financial information to evaluate our ongoing operations and for internal planning and forecasting purposes. We believe that non-GAAP financial information, when taken collectively, may be helpful to investors because it provides consistency and comparability with past financial performance and facilitates period-to-period comparisons of operations, as these measures eliminate the effects of certain variables unrelated to our overall operating performance. Other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate similarly titled non-GAAP measures differently or may use other measures to evaluate their performance, all of which could reduce the usefulness of our non-GAAP financial measures as tools for comparison. In addition, the utility of free cash flow as a measure of our financial performance and liquidity is limited as it does not represent the total increase or decrease in our cash balance for a given period.
Investors are encouraged to review the related GAAP financial measures and the reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable GAAP financial measures and not rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business.
Please see the appendix included at the end of this presentation for a discussion of non-GAAP financial measures and a reconciliation of historical non-GAAP measures to historical GAAP measures.
Our Fiscal Year
Our fiscal year end is January 31, and our fiscal quarters end on April 30, July 31, October 31 and January 31. Our fiscal years ended January 31, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029, 2030 and 2031 are referred to herein as fiscal 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029, 2030 and 2031, respectively.
® CrowdStrike, Inc. All rights reserved.
CrowdStrike Q1 At-a-Glance:
$4.44B
Ending ARR
$194M
Net New ARR
Delivered Strong Net New ARR
$384M
Record Cash Flow from Operations
$0.73
Diluted EPS
$201M
Operating Profit
25%
$279M
Free Cash Flow s Margin
Strong Operating Profit & Cash Flow
® CrowdStrike, Inc. All rights reserved.
® CrowdStrike, Inc. All rights reserved.
Across 30 Modules, Our AI-Native XDR Platform Creates Opportunity
Lightweight Cloud-First AI-Native
Hardware Data Silos Friction
® CrowdStrike, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cybersecurity
Generative AI
©2023 CrowdStrike, Inc. All rights reserved.
$4B
Data Protection
$5B
Threat Intelligence
$6B
Identity Protection
$10B
Observability
$15B
Cloud Security
$17B
Endpoint Security
$19B
Managed Services
$20B
Security
& IT Ops
$20B
TA
CY25 TAM
The AI-Native Security Platform
Source: IDC and company estimates. See appendix.
Security & IT Ops
$20B
ed
es
CY25 TAM
The AI-Native
Security Platform
CY29 TAM
The AI-Native Security Platform
0B
©2023 CrowdStrike, Inc. All rights reserved.
Source: company estimates. See appendix.
The Falcon Platform: Simplifying Cybersecurity
Our Single Platform Consolidates Point Products and Lowers TCO
® CrowdStrike, Inc. All rights reserved.
2025 Frost Radar : Cloud and Application Runtime Security Innovation and Growth Leader
Scored the highest of all vendors
on the Innovation Index
Recognized as the only CNAPP delivering unified, real-time protection across cloud, identity and endpoint
Report Referenced: Frost Radar : Cloud/Application Runtime Security, 2025
® CrowdStrike, Inc. All rights reserved.
® CrowdStrike, Inc. All rights reserved.
Customers are Embracing the Falcon Platform
48%
6+ Modules
32%
7+ Modules
22%
8+ Modules
Module Adoption Rates
Percent of Subscription Customers with Multiple Cloud Module Subscriptions. All figures are as of the quarter ended April 30, 2025. Module adoption rates exclude Falcon Go customers. See appendix for the definition of module adoption rates.
® CrowdStrike, Inc. All rights reserved.
® CrowdStrike, Inc. All rights reserved.
Growth at Scale
Note: Fiscal year ends January 31.
® CrowdStrike, Inc. All rights reserved.
Ending ARR
In $ Millions
Net New ARR
Starting ARR
$4,436
$3,647
1Q25
1Q26
Net New ARR
In $ Millions
$212
$194
1Q25
1Q26
Subscription Revenue
In $ Millions
$872
$1,051
1Q25
1Q26
Total Revenue
In $ Millions
Subscription
Professional Services
$1,103
$921
1Q25
1Q26
Non-GAAP Profit & Free Cash Flow
Note: Fiscal year ends January 31. All financial figures are non-GAAP. See Appendix for changes in non-GAAP measures presentation, definition of metrics, and a reconciliation of each non-GAAP financial measure to the most directly comparable financial measure stated in accordance with GAAP.
® CrowdStrike, Inc. All rights reserved.
Subscription Gross Profit
In $ Millions
$841
$703
1Q25
1Q26
% margin
81%
80%
Operating Income
In $ Millions
$213
$201
1Q25
1Q26
% margin
23%
18%
Diluted Earnings Per Share
$0.79
$0.73
1Q25
1Q26
Free Cash Flow
In $ Millions
$322
$279
1Q25
1Q26
% margin
35%
25%
Key Takeaways
$4.44B
$194M
Subscription revenue $1.1B
Q1 Results
Ending ARR
+22% YoY
80% subscription gross margin
Net New ARR
$279M free cash flow
Flex Driving
Platform
Adoption
Accounts that have adopted the Flex model now represent
>$3.2B
of total deal value
$774M
Q1 total Flex account value added
+124% YoY
Avg Flex customer deal size
>$1M
Existing Flex contracts
already deployed
>75%
Flex customers returning to us for a re-Flex
39
Trusted
Cybersecurity
Flex accelerates platform adoption, driving consolidation and partner success
Our AI-powered solutions and innovations are winning
Next-Gen SIEM Ending ARR grew
>100%
113% YoY growth in deals >$10M
60% of Q1 deal value sourced by partners
Platform of Choice Uniquely positioned to protect workloads,
identities, and infrastructure for the AI age
YoY
>15% of Q1 deal value from MSSP channel
Note: All figures as of Q1. All financial figures except subscription revenue are non-GAAP unless otherwise specified. See Appendix for definition of metrics and a reconciliation of each non-GAAP financial measure to the most directly comparable financial measure stated in accordance with GAAP.
Module adoption rates exclude Falcon Go customers. See appendix for the definition of module adoption rates.
® CrowdStrike, Inc. All rights reserved.
Q2 FY2026 Full Year FY2026
Total revenue $1,144.7 - $1,151.6M $4,743.5 - $4,805.5M
Non-GAAP income from operations $226.9 - $233.1M $970.8 - $1,010.8M
Non-GAAP net income attributable to CrowdStrike
$209.1 - $213.8M $878.7 - $909.7M
Guidance
Non-GAAP net income per share attributable to CrowdStrike common stockholders, diluted
Weighted average shares used in computing non-GAAP net income per share attributable to common stockholders, diluted
$0.82 - $0.84 $3.44 - $3.56
255M 256M
Non-GAAP tax rate 22.5% 22.5%
CrowdStrike is providing the above guidance for the second quarter of fiscal 2026 (ending July 31, 2025) and full fiscal year 2026 (ending January 31, 2026). Guidance for non-GAAP financial measures excludes stock-based compensation expense and related employer payroll taxes, amortization expense of acquired intangible assets (including purchased patents), amortization of debt issuance costs and discount, mark-to-market adjustments on deferred compensation liabilities, legal reserve and settlement charges or benefits, costs (recoveries) associated with the July 19 Incident and related matters, net, strategic plan related charges, losses (gains) and other income from strategic investments, acquisition-related expenses (credits), net, and losses (gains) from deferred compensation assets, and is adjusted for its long-term non-GAAP effective tax rate. The company has not provided the most directly comparable GAAP measures because certain items are out of the company's control or cannot be reasonably predicted. Accordingly, a reconciliation for non-GAAP income from operations, non-GAAP net income attributable to CrowdStrike, and non-GAAP net income per share attributable to CrowdStrike common stockholders is not available without unreasonable effort.
These statements are forward-looking and actual results may differ materially as a result of many factors. Refer to the Forward-Looking Statements safe harbor for information on the factors that could cause CrowdStrike's actual
results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements.
® CrowdStrike, Inc. All rights reserved.
Non-GAAP Measures
Target % of Revenue
Target Operating Model
Subscription Gross Margin
82 - 85%
SsM
28 - 33%
RsD
15 - 20%
GsA
5 - 7%
Operating Margin
28 - 32%
Free Cash Flow Margin 34 - 38%
Note: Targets are on a full year basis. Target ranges assume consistent macroeconomic conditions and do not include the impact of potential future M&A activity.
Targets for non-GAAP financial measures excludes stock-based compensation expense and related employer payroll taxes, amortization expense of acquired intangible assets (including purchased patents), amortization of debt issuance costs and discount, mark-to-market adjustments on deferred compensation liabilities, legal reserve and settlement charges or benefits, costs (recoveries) associated with the July 19 Incident and related matters, net, strategic plan related charges, losses (gains) and other income from strategic investments, acquisition-related expenses (credits), net, and losses (gains) from deferred compensation assets, and is adjusted for its long-term non-GAAP effective tax rate. The company has not provided the most directly comparable GAAP measures because certain items are out of the company's control or cannot be reasonably predicted. Accordingly, a reconciliation for non-GAAP income from operations, non-GAAP net income attributable to CrowdStrike, and non-GAAP net income per share attributable to CrowdStrike common stockholders is not available without unreasonable effort.
® CrowdStrike, Inc. All rights reserved.
® CrowdStrike, Inc. All rights reserved.
Appendix
Change in Non-GAAP Measures Presentation
Effective as of February 1, 2025, the beginning of our fiscal year ending January 31, 2026, CrowdStrike is presenting employer payroll taxes related to employee stock-based award transactions as part of stock-based compensation expense in the GAAP to Non-GAAP reconciliation. These payroll taxes have been excluded from CrowdStrike's non-GAAP results as they are tied to the timing and size of the vesting or exercise of the underlying stock-based awards and the price of CrowdStrike's common stock at the time of vesting or exercise, which may vary from period to period. In addition, CrowdStrike is using a long-term projected non-GAAP tax rate of 22.5% for the purpose of determining non-GAAP net income attributable to CrowdStrike and non-GAAP net income attributable to CrowdStrike per share to provide better consistency across interim reporting periods in fiscal year 2026 and beyond. Prior period amounts have been recast to reflect these changes.
Calculation of metrics
Annual Recurring Revenue (ARR).
ARR is calculated as the annualized value of our customer subscription contracts as of the measurement date, assuming any contract that expires during the next 12 months is renewed on its existing terms. To the extent that we are negotiating a renewal with a customer after the expiration of the subscription, we continue to include that revenue in ARR if we are actively in discussion with such an organization for a new subscription or renewal, or until such organization notifies us that it is not renewing its subscription.
Dollar-Based Net Retention Rate.
Our dollar-based net retention rate compares our ARR from a set of subscription customers against the same metric for those subscription customers from the prior year. Our dollar-based net retention rate reflects customer renewals, expansion, contraction and churn, and excludes revenue from our incident response and proactive services. We calculate our dollar-based net retention rate as of period end by starting with the ARR from all subscription customers as of 12 months prior to such period end, or Prior Period ARR. We then calculate the ARR from these same subscription customers as of the current period end, or Current Period ARR. Current Period ARR includes any expansion and is net of contraction or churn over the trailing 12 months but excludes revenue from new subscription customers in the current period. We then divide the total Current Period ARR by the total Prior Period ARR to arrive at our dollar-based net retention rate.
Dollar-Based Gross Retention Rate.
We calculate our dollar-based gross retention rate as of the period end by starting with the ARR from all subscription customers as of 12 months prior to such period, or Prior Period ARR. We then deduct from the Prior Period ARR any ARR from subscription customers who are no longer customers as of the current period end, or Current Period Remaining ARR. We then divide the total Current Period Remaining ARR by the total Prior Period ARR to arrive at our dollar-based gross retention rate, which is the percentage of ARR from all subscription customers as of the year prior that is not lost to customer churn.
Gross Churn.
Our dollar-based gross churn rate is equal to 1 - Dollar-Based Gross Retention Rate.
Module Adoption Rates.
Module adoption rates are calculated by taking the total number of customers with five or more, six or more, seven or more, and eight or more modules, respectively, divided by the total number of subscription customers (excluding Falcon Go customers). Falcon Go customers are defined as customers who have subscribed with the Falcon Go bundle, a package designed for organizations with 100 endpoints or less.
® CrowdStrike, Inc. All rights reserved.
Appendix (cont'd)
Reports used for data shown in the chart titled "CY25 TAM | The AI-Native Security Platform":
CY25 TAM:
IDC Semiannual Security Products Tracker 2023H2 Historical Release. (May 2024)
IDC Worldwide Device Vulnerability Management Forecast, 2024-2028: Fusing Multiple Exposure Sources. (June 2024)
IDC Worldwide Application Vulnerability Management Forecast, 2023-2027: Navigating the Future in Application Security. (November 2023)
IDC Worldwide SOAR and Firewall Automation Forecast, 2024-2028: Will GenAI Leave SOAR Vendors Sore?. (March 2024)
IDC Worldwide Tier 2 SOC Analytics and Cloud-Native XDR Forecast, 2022-2026: Will XDR Become the Shining Light in a Dimming Global Outlook?. (November 2022)
IDC Worldwide IT Operations Management Software Forecast, 2023-2027. (September 2023)
Gartner Emerging Tech: Adoption Growth Insights in Digital Risk Protection Services (November 2022)
IDC Worldwide Attack Surface Management and Breach and Attack Simulation Software Forecast, 2024-2028 Proactively Discovering Potential Attacks - 2024 Feb forecast. (February 2024)
IDC Worldwide Application Vulnerability Management Forecast, 2023-2027: Navigating the Future in Application Security. (November 2023)
IDC Worldwide Attack Surface Management and Breach and Attack Simulation Software Forecast, 2024-2028: Proactively Discovering Potential Attacks. (February 2024)
IDC Worldwide Network Detection and Response Forecast, 2024-2028: The Network Is Talking, Are You Listening?. (March 2024)
IDC Worldwide Client Endpoint Management Software Forecast, 2024-2028. (June 2024)
IDC MarketScape Evaluates Worldwide SD-WAN Infrastructure Vendors and Market Trends. (October 2023)
IDC Worldwide and U.S. Comprehensive Security Services Forecast, 2024-2028. (April 2024)
Company estimates
CY29 TAM:
Company estimates. Includes organic category growth, product roadmap, future initiatives and estimated cloud security opportunity.
® CrowdStrike, Inc. All rights reserved.
Appendix (cont'd)
Explanation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Non-GAAP Subscription Gross Profit and Non-GAAP Subscription Gross Margin
We define non-GAAP subscription gross profit and non-GAAP subscription gross margin as GAAP subscription gross profit and GAAP subscription gross margin, respectively, excluding stock-based compensation expense and related employer payroll taxes, and amortization of acquired intangible assets.
Non-GAAP Income from Operations
We define non-GAAP income from operations as GAAP income (loss) from operations excluding stock-based compensation expense and related employer payroll taxes, amortization of acquired intangible assets (including purchased patents), acquisition-related expenses (credits), net, mark-to-market adjustments on deferred compensation liabilities, legal reserve and settlement charges or benefits, costs (recoveries) associated with the July 19 Incident and related matters, net, and strategic plan related charges.
Non-GAAP Net Income Attributable to CrowdStrike
We define non-GAAP net income attributable to CrowdStrike as GAAP net income (loss) attributable to CrowdStrike excluding stock-based compensation expense and related employer payroll taxes, amortization of acquired intangible assets (including purchased patents), acquisition-related expenses (credits), net, amortization of debt issuance costs and discount, mark-to-market adjustments on deferred compensation liabilities, legal reserve and settlement charges or benefits, costs (recoveries) associated with the July 19 Incident and related matters, net, strategic plan related charges, losses (gains) and other income from strategic investments, and losses (gains) from deferred compensation assets, and is adjusted for its long-term non-GAAP effective tax rate.
Non-GAAP Net Income per Share Attributable to CrowdStrike Common Stockholders, Diluted
We define non-GAAP net income per share attributable to CrowdStrike common stockholders, as non-GAAP net income attributable to CrowdStrike divided by the weighted-average
shares outstanding, which includes the dilutive effect of potentially dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding during the period.
Free Cash Flow
Free Cash Flow is a non-GAAP financial measure that we define as net cash provided by operating activities less purchases of property and equipment, capitalized internal-use software and website development costs, purchases of deferred compensation investments, and proceeds from sale of deferred compensation investments. We monitor free cash flow as one measure of our overall business performance, which enable us to analyze our future performance without the effect s of non-cash items and allow us to better understand the cash needs of our business. While we believe that free cash flow is useful in evaluating our business, free cash flow is a non-GAAP financial measure that has limitations as an analytical tool, and free cash flow should not be considered as an alternative to, or substitute for, net cash provided by operating activities in accordance with GAAP. The utility of free cash flow as a measure of our liquidity is further limited as it does not represent the total increase or decrease in our cash balance for any given period. In addition, other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate free cash flow differently or not at all, which reduces the usefulness of free cash flow as a tool for comparison.
® CrowdStrike, Inc. All rights reserved.
GAAP INCOME
STATEMENT
CROWDSTRIKE HOLDINGS, INC.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
(in thousands, except per share data)
(unaudited)
Revenue
Subscription
872 172
1,050,768
Professional services
Total revenue
921,036
1103 434
Cost of revenue Subscription
189,657
242,374
Professional services
Total cost of revenue
225,003 289,143
Gross profit Subscription
682,515
808,394
Professional services
Total gross profit
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing Research and development General and administrative
Total operating expenses
696,033
350,114
235,249
689 097
814,291
439,617
334,129
938,947
Income (loss) from operations
Interest expense
Interest income
Other income (expense), net
Income (loss) before provision for income taxes
Provision for income taxes
6,936
(6,511)
45,850
7,656
53,931
/,667
(124,656)
(6,715)
45 380
(3,896)
(89,887)
21.106
Net income (loss)
46,264
(110,993)
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest Net income (loss) attributable to CrowdStrike
Net income(loss) per share attributable to CrowdStrikecommon stockholders:
Basic Diluted
Weighted-averageshares used in computing net income (loss) per share attributable to CrowdStrikecommon stockholders:
Basic Diluted
3,444 (786)
GAAP tO Non-GAAP
Reconciliation
CROWDSTRIKE HOLDINGS, INC.
Statements of Operations: GAAP to Non-GAAP Reconciliations
(in thousands)
(unaudited)
GAAP subscription gross profit
682,515
808,394
Stock-basedcompensationexpenseand related employer payroll taxes*'*
15,235
25,997
Amortization of acquired intangible assets Non-GAAP subscription gross profit
5,045 6,377
702 795 I› 840768
GAAP subscription gross margin
Non-GAAPsubscriptiongross margin
0/jg
810/o
770/o
800+
GAAP professional services gross profit
13,518
5,897
Stock-basedcompensationexpenseand related employer payroll taxes*')
Non-GAAP professional services gross profit
6 872 10 471
I otal GAAP gross margin Total Non-GAAP gross margin
760/o
0/jg
/40/
0/jg
GAAP sales and marketing operating expenses
350,114
439,617
Stock-basedcompensationexpenseand related employer payroll taxes!'!
(55,832)
(69,822)
Amortization of acquired intangible assets
(603)
(916)
Acquisition-relatedexpenses, net
(77)
Mark-to-market adjustments ondeferredcompensationliabilities
(35)
186
Costs associated with the JuIy19 Incident and related matters, net
Non-GAAP sales and marketing operating expenses 293 644 I› 368456
GAAP research and development operating expenses
235,249
334 129
Stock-basedcompensationexpenseand related employer payroll taxes!'!
(72,746)
(115,418)
Acquisition-relatedexpenses, net
(477)
(74)
Mark-to-market adjustments ondeferredcompensationliabilities
(12)
116
Costs associated with the July 19 Incident and related matters, net
Non-GAAP research and development operating expenses 162 014 I› 218.216
GAAP general and administrativeoperating expenses
103,734
i65,201
Stock-basedcompensationexpenseand related employer payroll taxes!'!
(46,982)
(49,863)
Acquisition-relatedexpenses, net
(2,147)
(392)
Amortization of acquired intangible assets
(347)
(341)
Mark-to-market adjustments ondeferredcompensationliabilities
(13)
15
Costs associated with the July 19 Incident and related matters, net
(38,658)
Strategic plan related charges
(6,621)
Non-GAAPgeneraIand administrative operating expenses
54 245
I›
69.341
CROWDSTRIKE HOLDINGS, INC.
Statements of Operations: GAAP to Non-GAAP Reconciliations(continued)
(in thousands, except per share data)
(unaudited)
GAAP to Non-GAAP Reconciliation (Cont'd)
GAAP diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to CrowdStrike common stockholders
Stock-basedcompensationexpenseand related employer payroll taxes!" Amortization of acquired intangible assets
Acquisition-relatedexpenses, net
0.79
002
0.01
(0.44)
0.17
1.07
003
Amortization of debt issuance costs and discount
Mark-to-market adjustments on deferred compensation liabilities Costs associated with the JuIy19 Incident and related matters, net Strategic plan related charges
Losses (gains) and other income from strategic investments attributable to CrowdStrike
Income tax adjustments***
(0.01)
(0.20)
0.16
0.03
(0.13)
Other!'!
Non-GAAPdiIutednet income per share attributable to CrowdStrikecommon stockholders
Weighted-averageshares used to calculate Non-GAAP diluted net income per share attributable to CrowdStrike common stockholders
Effective February 1, 2025, employer payroll taxes related to employee stock-based award transactions are included as part of stock-based compensation expense. These payroll taxes are excluded as they are tied to the timing and size of the vesting or exercise of the underlying stock-based awards and the price of our common stock at the time of vesting or exercise, which may vary from period to period independent of the operating performance of our business. Prior periods have been recast to reflect this change.
Effective February 1, 2025, we are using a long-term projected non-GAAP tax rate of 22.5% for the purpose of determining non-GAAP net income attributable to CrowdStrike and non-GAAP net income attributable to CrowdStrike per share to provide better consistency across interim
reporting periods in fiscal 2026 and beyond. Given the significant growth of the company's business and non-GAAP operating income, we believe this change is necessary to better reflect the performance of our business. Prior period have been recast to reflect this change
4. For periods in which we had diluted non-GAAP net income per share attributable to CrowdStrike common stockholders, the sum of the impact of individual reconciling items may not total to diluted Non-GAAP net income per share attributable to CrowdStrike common stockholders because of rounding differences.
Free Cash
Flow
Reconciliation
CROWDSTRIKE HOLDINGS, INC.
Freecash flow reconciliation (lnthousands,exceptpercentages)
(unaudited)
Q1FY25 Q1FY26
Free cash flow reconciliation
GAAP net cash provided by operating activities
383,228
384,107
Purchases of property and equipment
(49,683)
(85,751)
Capitalized internal-use software and website development costs
(10,479)
(17,437)
Purchases of deferred compensation investments
(609)
(1,459)
Proceeds from sale of deferred compensation investments Free cash flow
(45)
322 457 I› 279 415
Free cash flow margin
Additional
Supplemental
Disclosure
Metrics
Q1FY25
Q1FY26
Annual recurring revenue
3,646,881
4,435,596
Year-over-year growth
22%
Remaining performance obligations (in billions)
4.7
6.8
Revenue by geographic regions:
United States
630,026
741,852
Europe, Middle East, and Africa
i41,612
176,442
Asia Pacific
93,462
i12,827
Other
55,936
72,313
CROWDSTRIKE HOLDINGS, INC.
AdditionalMetrics
(In thousands, except percentages and remaining performance obligations)
(unaudited)
Total revenue 9210 6 110 4 4
Geographic breakdown of total revenue: United States
Europe, Middle East, and Africa Asia Pacific
Other Total
68%
15%
10%
7%
100%
67%
16%
10%
7%
100%
Non-GAAP operating expenses
Non-GAAP operating expenses as a percentage of revenue
509.903
550/0
656.013
59%
Disclaimer
Crowdstrike Holdings Inc. published this content on June 03, 2025, and is solely responsible for the information contained herein. Distributed via Public Technologies (PUBT), unedited and unaltered, on June 03, 2025 at 20:34 UTC.